In “Relics: Travels in Nature’s Time Machine”, the result of several years of globetrotting and many nasty tropical diseases, I put a spotlight on some of the most remarkable, but often little known and underappreciated survivors from the long gone eras. These animals and plants are sometimes the last living relatives of groups that dominated our planet’s ecosystems millions of years ago, giving us a glimpse of what life might have been like in those strange days known as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. - Piotr
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Forests of the island of New Guinea
Forests of the island of New Guinea have hardly changed within the last few million years, and they preserve a fragment of the ancient continent Sahul. The continent’s other half, Australia, has since become a very different place, dry and nearly devoid of forests. But both New Guinea and Australia still shelter many lineages of organisms that have long disappeared in other parts of the world.
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Cycads
Although cycads are superficially similar to palm trees, they are about as close to palms as a Tyrannosaurus rex is to a cow – their roots are firmly planted in the Paleozoic, and cycad forests were probably the dominant type of vegetation during the reign of dinosaurs. Now only one place in the world, the Modjadji Cycad Reserve in South Africa, preserves a similar type of an ecosystem.
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Unnamed frog
Despite being one of the most humid places on the planet, because of its geologic composition the island of New Guinea has few river and lakes. Organisms that need water to develop must find other ways, and many New Guinean frogs have evolved strategies that bypass the free-living tadpole stage. The male of this newly discovered, yet unnamed frog takes care of the eggs until fully formed froglets hatch and begin independent life.
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Grigs (Cyphoderris)
If you want to hear the song of the oldest surviving singing insect in the world you should visit Wyoming in early June. This is the time when grigs (Cyphoderris), ancient relatives of modern crickets and katydids, produce their love serenades. They are survivors of a group of insects that filled the air with sounds in the Triassic, and perhaps even earlier.
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Magnolia flowers
The giant, resplendent flowers of magnolias give us a glimpse of the earliest chapters of the incredibly successful relationship between insects and flowering plants that began in the early Cretaceous, about 135 million years ago, and has shaped the world as we know it. Magnolias still rely on beetles as their primary pollinators, probably because when magnolias first appeared, bees and butterflies did not yet exist.
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Harlequin beetles
The northern part of South America, the so-called Guyana Shield, is one of the least populated areas of the world, and preserves a fragment of pre-Columbian conditions of the continent. The beautiful Harlequin beetles are still common there, and their bodies are large enough to support communities of smaller organisms that spend their entire lives on the wings of the beetles, feeding off each other, or simply using the beetle as a convenient way to move from one tree to another.
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Survivors of the order Sphenodontia
New Zealand is the only place in the world where we can still meet survivors of the ancient reptile order Sphenodontia that inhabited the oceans and lands of the Jurassic Earth. Tuatara, the last species of this group, has survived only because New Zealand has been isolated from the rest of the world for the last 80 million years. But the arrival of our species, and the accompanying menagerie of rats and pigs, has driven most of the population of this remarkable reptile to extinction.
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Canopy lichen-mimicking katydid
For the last 10 million years the Atewa forest of southern Ghana has acted as a sanctuary of biodiversity, preserving humid-loving plant and animals during major climatic changes that have caused most of the African continent to become as dry as it is now. The canopy lichen-mimicking katydid cannot survive in any other place, but illegal logging and bauxite mining threaten the future of Atewa.
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Atlantic horseshoe crabs
Every May and June the eastern coast of North America witnesses a spectacle that has probably been replaying itself for the last 150 million years, maybe even longer – the magnificent Atlantic horseshoe crabs leave the oceanic depths to spawn and lay eggs on land. This strange behavior is probably a carryover from their ancient history when seas and oceans of the world still had many more predators than the dry land.
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Forest Dragon
The Papuan Forest Dragon (Hypsilurus dilophus) is a patient sit-and-wait predator, found only in a few locations among the ancient forests of New Guinea. So motionless are these animals that small plants often begin to grow on their scales. But if prey passes its field of vision, these huge lizards snap into action with a blazing speed.
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Clonia katydid
The southern tip of Africa is one of the richest botanical areas of the world, a relict of the Miocene climate change that allowed certain groups of plants to evolve into an unprecedented array of species. Not surprisingly, insects quickly followed. One of them is the giant Clonia katydid, a sit-and-wait predator, capable of overwhelming any other insect, and even small lizards.
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Branchipods
Half a billion years ago, long before animals were able to make a living on the dry land, lakes and oceans were full of small crustaceans known as branchipods. Even now, these resilient animals can be found in some of the most inhospitable bodies of water, including Utah’s Salt Lake or ephemeral pools in the Namib Desert. They owe their longevity to their ability to survive many years in a dormant state, capable of withstanding temperatures ranging from that of liquid air to boiling water.
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